The exchange of medicine with Japan during the Koryo Dynasty era and its characteristics -A case of 'East Asian Medicine'.

In this article, I reviewed the exchange of medicine between the Koryo Dynasty and Japan during the Koryo Dynasty. Compared to the exchange of medicine during the Three Kingdoms or the early Joseon Dynasty, medicine between Korea and Japan was loosely affected each other during the Koryo Dynasty. This characteristic of medical history with Japan during the Koryo Dynasty corresponded to the overall low density of exchanges between the two countries. In this paper, the exchange of medicine during the entire Koryo period was divided into 4 periods, and medical records in Korea and Japan were discussed in terms of medical personnel, medical knowledge, and pharmaceutical materials. During the Koryo Dynasty, Korea was interested in Japan's medical personnel and pharmaceutical materials, and Japan was interested in Korea's medical knowledge and pharmaceutical materials. When limited to the Koryo Dynasty, it is difficult to determine the superiority or inferiority of pharmaceutical materials, medical personnel, and medical knowledge between Korea and Japan. Without frequent contact to compare the level of medical care, each country only accepted the other country's medical care within the necessary range. This means that the exchange of medicine between Koryo and Japan did not flow only in one direction. In addition, I proposed to understand the pre-modern East Asian world, including Korea-Japan relations, by using the concept of political bodies instead of the concept of state. In other words, it is necessary to call the subject of action that independently judges and executes foreign relations while maintaining a high degree of autonomy in decision-making as 'political bodies', and utilizes this concept to interpret the pre-modern East Asian world complexly. The concept of political bodies is also useful for understanding the exchange of medicine among the three East Asian countries.

Single-Phase Formation of Rh2 O3 Nanoparticles on h-BN Support for Highly Controlled Methane Partial Oxidation to Syngas.

Single-phase formation of active metal oxides on supports has been vigorously pursued in many catalytic applications to suppress undesired reactions and to determine direct structure-property relationships. However, this is difficult to achieve in nanoscale range because the effect of non-uniform metal-support interfaces becomes dominant in the overall catalyst growth, leading to the nucleation of various metastable oxides. Herein, we develop a supported single-phase corundum-Rh2 O3 (I) nanocatalyst by utilizing controlled interaction between metal oxide and h-BN support. Atomic-resolution electron microscopy and first-principle calculation reveal that single-phase formation occurs via uniform and preferential attachment of Rh2 O3 (I) (110) seed planes on well-defined h-BN surface after decomposition of rhodium precursor. By utilizing the Rh/h-BN catalyst in methane partial oxidation, syngas is successfully produced solely following the direct route with keeping a H2 /CO ratio of 2, which makes it ideal for most downstream chemical processes.

In situ manipulation of the d-band center in metals for catalytic activity in CO oxidation.

A combination of in situ XANES, temperature programmed oxidation, kinetic and density functional theory results demonstrate that the d-band centers (εd) of Au and Pt metals are upshifted when 39.9 V m-1 of electric field is applied. This leads to the enhancement of the adsorption strength of CO on both metals, and, thus, results in the promotion (+15%) and the depression (-23%) of CO conversions on Au and Pt, respectively, in the CO oxidation.

The Character and Meaning of the Reorganization of the Medical Institutions in the Early Chosun Dynasty.

In this article, I first explored the process and its characteristics of the reorganization of the medical institution in the early Chosun Dynasty. In the early Chosun Dynasty, medical institutions of Naeuiwon, Jeonuigam, Hyeminseo, Hwalinseo, Jesaengwon were operated. From the examining the history, members, and roles of these institutions, it can be said that Chosun was aimed at Minbon Thought(For the people) of Neo-Confucianism and a one-sided centralized system. To understand the meaning of the change process of these medical institutions, we should pay attention to the social structure and ruling ideology of the late Koryo period. In other words, the autonomy and publicness of the people expanded in the land system of Koryo, while on the other hand, it became important to overcome the inefficiency of Buddhism, which was a dominant ideology. The movement to reflect the strengthened status of the people into the public national system by taking the Neo-Confucianism as the dominant ideology has been strengthened, and the medical rights of all the people have been guaranteed. But it did not mean that the Minbon Thought(For the people) of NeoConfucianism put the people first. The reason why the medical institution was organized in the order of Naeuiwon → Jeonuigam → Hyeminseo → Hwalinseo was because the theory of essence and end of Neo-Confucianism was projected. At the same time, this hierarchical structure was also coincided with the statusclass structure of Chosun, which peaked at the royal family as the highest ruling class. For this reason, the status of the medical institutions for the people, Hyeminseo and Hwalinseo was low.

Tuning the electronic state of metal/graphene catalysts for the control of catalytic activity via N- and B-doping into graphene.

Catalytic activity was efficiently tuned via manipulating the electronic state of a catalyst, induced by a facile doping method in a metal/graphene system. The strategy was proven to be applicable to not only transition metal but also noble metal catalysts in CO hydrogenation and 4-nitrophenol reduction.

A New Energy-Saving Catalytic System: Carbon Dioxide Activation by a Metal/Carbon Catalyst.

The conversion of CO2 into useful chemicals is an attractive method to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to produce sustainable chemicals. However, the thermodynamic stability of CO2 means that a lot of energy is required for its conversion into chemicals. Here, we suggest a new catalytic system with an alternative heating system that allows minimal energy consumption during CO2 conversion. In this system, electrical energy is transferred as heat energy to the carbon-supported metal catalyst. Fast ramping rates allow high operating temperatures (Tapp =250 °C) to be reached within 5 min, which leads to an 80-fold decrease of energy consumption in methane reforming using CO2 (DRM). In addition, the consumed energy normalized by time during the DRM reaction in this current-assisted catalysis is sixfold lower (11.0 kJ min-1 ) than that in conventional heating systems (68.4 kJ min-1 ).

Understanding the Reaction Mechanism of Glycerol Hydrogenolysis over a CuCr2 O4 Catalyst.

The reaction mechanism of glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2-propanediol over a spinel CuCr2 O4 catalyst was investigated by using DFT calculations. Theoretical models were developed from the results of experimental characterization. Adsorption configurations and energetics of the reactant, intermediates, final product, and transition states were calculated on Cu(1 1 1) and CuCr2 O4 (1 0 0). Based on our DFT results, we found that the formation of acetol is preferred to that of 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde thermodynamically and kinetically on both surfaces. For glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2-propanediol, the CuCr2 O4 surface is less exothermic but more kinetically favorable than the Cu surface. The low activation barrier during the reaction on the CuCr2 O4 surface is attributed to the unique surface structure; the cubic spinel structure provides a stable adsorption site on which reactants are allowed to be dehydrated and hydrogenated easily with the characteristic adsorption configuration. The role of the Cu and Cr atoms in a CuCr2 O4 surface were revealed. The results of reaction tests supported our theoretical calculations.

Effect of different grinding burs on the physical properties of zirconia.

PURPOSE: Grinding with less stress on 3Y-TZP through proper selection of methods and instruments can lead to a long-term success of prosthesis. The purpose of this study was to compare the phase transformation and physical properties after zirconia surface grinding with 3 different grinding burs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty disc-shaped zirconia specimens were fabricated. Each Ten specimens were ground with AllCeramic SuperMax (NTI, Kahla, Germany), Dura-Green DIA (Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan), and Dura-Green (Shofu Inc., Kyoto, Japan). Ten specimens were not ground and used as a control group. After the specimen grinding, XRD analysis, surface roughness test, FE-SEM imaging, and biaxial flexural strength test were performed. RESULTS: After surface grinding, small amount of monoclinic phase in all experimental groups was observed. The phase change was higher in specimens, which were ground with Dura-Green DIA and AllCeramic SuperMax burs. The roughness of surfaces increased in specimens, which were ground with Dura-Green DIA and AllCeramic SuperMax burs than control groups and ground with Dura-Green. All experimental groups showed lower flexural strength than control group, but there was no statistically significant difference between control group and ground with Dura-Green DIA and AllCeramic SuperMax burs. The specimens, which were ground with Dura- Green showed the lowest strength. CONCLUSION: The use of dedicated zirconia-specific grinding burs such as Dura-Green DIA and AllCeramic SuperMax burs decreases the grinding time and did not significantly affect the flexural strength of zirconia, and therefore, they may be recommended. However, a fine polishing process should be accompanied to reduce the surface roughness after grinding.

Fabrication of helical long-period fiber gratings by use of a CO2 laser.

We present a method of helical long-period fiber grating (H-LPFG) fabrication by use of a CO2 laser for use as an optical torque sensor. A conventional optical fiber grating has periodic vertical index changes along its fiber axis, but a H-LPFG has a screw-type index modulation. The helical index modulation is obtained with the asymmetric index change caused by a single-side laser beam exposure. The H-LPFG shows peak shifts with codirectional or contradirectional torsion to the helix. Also, the polarization-dependent loss is measured to be relatively small compared with that of a conventional long-period fiber grating.